External And Internal Reference Pricing As Cost Containment Measures In Bulgaria

Pharmaceutical cost containment with reference-based pricing: time for refinements.

Selecting reference countries in external reference based pricing: The case study of Iran

Most countries are using some kinds of pharmaceutical policies, like external reference-based pricing, to control the costs of medicines. This policy could be implemented in different ways and there is no systematic method for selecting reference countries. In this study, we tried to identify and classify the factors affecting the selection of reference countries in Iran. Delphi method was empl...

External and Internal Pricing in Multidivisional Firms

Multidivisional firms frequently rely on external market prices in order to value internal transactions across profit centers. This paper examines marketbased transfer pricing when an upstream division has monopoly power in selling a proprietary component both to a downstream division within the same firm and to external customers. When internal transfers are valued at the prevailing market pri...

Semantics and Containment of Queries with Internal and External Conjunctions

We study conjunctive queries that combine information from multiple sources. The need for combining information is manifest for instance in multimedia systems. It has recently been recognized that query semantics for these systems should be based on some quantitative model, such as fuzzy logic. Further complications arise, however, since the semantics used internally by subsystems, and the sema...

Community drug expenditure and recent cost containment measures.

The annual cost of medicines under the community drugs schemes increased from Euro 564 m in 2000 to Euro 1,961 m in 2009 before falling an estimated 8% by 2011. Escalating public health costs, fiscal stress and the unsustainability of the previous growth in expenditure has led to the increased use of pharmaceutical cost containment measures in Ireland. Collectively, these measures are estimated...